Design of a molecularly imprinted polymer sensor modified with saffron-based copper nanoflowers for highly selective and sensitive determination of bortezomib.

in Talanta by Ahmet Cetinkaya, Sadi Yusufbeyoglu, S Irem Kaya, Ayse Baldemir Kilic, Esen Bellur Atici, Sibel A Ozkan

TLDR

  • This study creates a special sensor that can detect a specific drug called bortezomib (BOR) in very small amounts. BOR is used to treat multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mantle cell lymphoma. The sensor is made by combining a special type of plastic called molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with tiny metal particles called copper nanoflowers (CuNFs). The sensor can detect BOR in the range of 0.25 to 2.5 pM, which is very sensitive. The sensor's repeatability and reproducibility are good, meaning it can give consistent results. The sensor is unique because it can selectively detect BOR's metabolites, which are substances that the body produces when it breaks down BOR. The sensor's stability is 5 days.

Abstract

This work represents the first successful application of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of the first developed proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BOR). BOR is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mantle cell lymphoma. It shows its desired effect through the boronate group and can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. The MIP-based electrochemical sensor design includes the integration of green-synthesized saffron-based copper nanoflowers (CuNFs) from Crocus sativus L. to increase the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) was selected as the functional monomer along with other MIP components. Detailed characterizations of the developed CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor and CuNFs were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The indirect measurement approach using 5.0 mM [Fe(CN)]solution was used to determine BOR in the linear range of 2.5 × 10M - 2.5 × 10M (0.25-2.5 pM). The LOD and LOQ values of the sensor obtained at the fM level (29 fM and 96.7 fM), which has a linear response in the commercial human serum sample in the same concentration range, emphasize its sensitivity (1.89 × 10and 2.14 × 10μA/M for standard solution and serum). The repeatability and reproducibility of the sensor were between 0.87 % and 2.17 %, showing its reliability. The successful performance of the sensor in the presence of metabolites belonging to BOR demonstrates its unique selectivity. The selectivity was demonstrated via relative imprinting factor (IF') values (higher than 3.5) against BOR's metabolites. The stability of the CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor was found to be 5 days.

Overview

  • The study aims to develop a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of bortezomib (BOR), a first-developed proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mantle cell lymphoma. The sensor design includes the integration of green-synthesized saffron-based copper nanoflowers (CuNFs) to increase the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) was selected as the functional monomer along with other MIP components. Detailed characterizations of the developed CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor and CuNFs were performed using various techniques. The sensor's linear range is 2.5 × 10M - 2.5 × 10M (0.25-2.5 pM), with LOD and LOQ values of 29 fM and 96.7 fM, respectively. The sensor's repeatability and reproducibility are between 0.87 % and 2.17 %.

Comparative Analysis & Findings

  • The sensor's linear range is 2.5 × 10M - 2.5 × 10M (0.25-2.5 pM), with LOD and LOQ values of 29 fM and 96.7 fM, respectively. The sensor's repeatability and reproducibility are between 0.87 % and 2.17 %.

Implications and Future Directions

  • The study's findings demonstrate the successful application of a MIP-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of BOR. The sensor's unique selectivity against BOR's metabolites is highlighted via relative imprinting factor (IF') values (higher than 3.5). The sensor's stability is found to be 5 days. Future research directions could include the development of a portable and cost-effective sensor for clinical applications, as well as the exploration of other proteasome inhibitors and their metabolites.
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