Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment.

in Journal of advanced research by Tongzheng Chen, Wenbin Ma, Xin Wang, Qile Ye, Xintong Hou, Yiwei Wang, Chuanlu Jiang, Xiangqi Meng, Ying Sun, Jinquan Cai

TLDR

  • The study is about understanding the immune cells in the brain tumor called glioma. The study found that glioma can change the type of immune cells in the brain tumor, which makes it harder to treat with drugs. The study also found that single-cell sequencing can help us understand the immune cells in the brain tumor better. The study suggests that we can use a combination of different treatments, like radiation, drugs, and surgery, to treat glioma more effectively.

Abstract

With the gradual understanding of glioma development and the immune microenvironment, many immune cells have been discovered. Despite the growing comprehension of immune cell functions and the clinical application of immunotherapy, the precise roles and characteristics of immune cell subtypes, how glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells and its impact on glioma progression have yet to be understood. In this review, we comprehensively center on the four major immune cells within the glioma microenvironment, particularly neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and other significant immune cells. We discuss (1) immune cell subtype markers, (2) glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, (3) the mechanisms of each subtype influencing chemotherapy resistance, (4) therapies targeting immune cells, and (5) immune cell-associated single-cell sequencing. Eventually, we identified the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma, comprehensively summarized the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, and concluded the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma. In conclusion, we have analyzed the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance detailly, and have discovered prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.

Overview

  • The study focuses on the immune cells within the glioma microenvironment, specifically neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and other significant immune cells. The hypothesis being tested is the precise roles and characteristics of immune cell subtypes, how glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells, and its impact on glioma progression. The methodology used for the experiment includes a comprehensive review of the literature on immune cells in glioma, including immune cell subtype markers, glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, mechanisms of each subtype influencing chemotherapy resistance, therapies targeting immune cells, and immune cell-associated single-cell sequencing. The primary objective of the study is to comprehensively summarize the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma and the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation. The study aims to provide insights into the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma and identify prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.

Comparative Analysis & Findings

  • The study compares the outcomes observed under different experimental conditions or interventions detailed in the literature on immune cells in glioma. The results show that glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells, which influences chemotherapy resistance. The study identifies the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma and the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation. The key findings of the study are that the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma has been significant, and prospective immunotherapy targets have been identified, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.

Implications and Future Directions

  • The study's findings have significant implications for the field of research and clinical practice. The study identifies prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes. The study also highlights the importance of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma. Future research directions could focus on further exploring the mechanisms of immune cell subtype transformation and its impact on glioma progression, identifying additional immunotherapy targets, and developing novel immunotherapies that combine different approaches to improve patient outcomes.
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